# Limitations of Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s law has been found valid over a large class of materials, there do exist materials and devices used in electric circuits where the proportionality of V and I does not hold. Such conductor are called non Ohmic conductors. The deviations broadly are one or more of the following type V ceases to be proportional to I

The relation between V and I depends on the sign of V. In other words, if I is the current for a certain V, then reveres the direction of V keeping its magnitude fixed, does not produce a current of the same magnitude as I in the opposite direction.

Ohm's law is not a fundamental law of nature. There are a number of commonly used circuit elements which do not obey this law. They have one or more of the following properties:

• V depends on I non-linearly.
• The relationship between V and I depends on the sign of V for the same absolute value of V.
• The relation between V and I is non-unique, that is, for the same current I, there is more than one value of voltage V.